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InPsych 2017 | Vol 39

December | Issue 6

Highlights

Addressing child abuse and neglect

Over the past few years, there has been increasing concern about children being removed from families and placed into Out-Of-Home Care (OOHC). In NSW, children and young people in OOHC have almost doubled over the past 10 years (AIHW, 2010; 2017) and the trend has been for children to stay in care for longer.

The NSW Government is making changes to ensure that numbers of children entering OOHC reduce, under the Their Futures Matter reform. The vision of Their Futures Matter involves systemic changes to improve the lives of vulnerable children and families, and provide a roadmap for transformational change to the child protection system.

Investing in family strengths-based programs that aim to keep families together is a key focus of the NSW Government Their Futures Matter reform. Where children do need to enter care, there is a better understanding of the permanency supports required to meet their needs.

Part of these changes includes the roll out of Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN®) across six different sites in NSW. The empirical support from a randomised clinical trial in a community health setting shows that this program helps keep families together by focusing on the causes of the child abuse and neglect (Swenson et al., 2010).

MST-CAN is an adaptation of standard Multisystemic Therapy which was originally developed to meet the “clinical needs of youth experiencing serious antisocial behaviour and their families” (Swenson & Schaeffer, 2012 p.32). MST-CAN focuses on child protection concerns due to physical abuse and/or neglect. A team of practitioners, including psychologists, a psychiatrist and a crisis caseworker, work with the family in their home and community, working differently to the typical way psychologists do.

Several factors of the model contribute to the success of MST-CAN:

  • Intensive home-based delivery (more than three times a week)
  • Highly individualised, specific to the family’s strengths and needs
  • Treating family/systemic factors related to ‘problem’ behaviour
  • Specialised treatment for substance misuse, trauma, domestic violence and mental illness
  • Treatment addressing practical needs (e.g., increasing social supports, school attendance)
  • Team availability 24/7 and a continual focus on safety
  • Emphasis on generalising treatment gains, and keeping families together
  • Sophisticated quality assurance and implementation processes to ensure model fidelity (Schoenwald et al., 2003).

Results indicated that MST-CAN was significantly more effective than enhanced outpatient therapy in reducing youth mental health symptoms, parent psychiatric distress, parenting behaviours associated with maltreatment, youth out-of-home placements and changes in youth placement. MST-CAN was also significantly more effective at improving natural social support for parents (Swenson et al., 2010) but not significantly more effective at reducing incidents of re-abuse, partly due to both programs having low incidents of re-abuse. Outcomes were maintained for one year post-treatment.

With such great outcomes overseas, the Their Futures Matter reform has made a major step toward decreasing family disruptions and costly OOHC placements. In particular, Aboriginal children and young people who are currently overrepresented in care have been prioritised to receive 50 per cent of all MST-CAN placements.

A fictional account of MST-CAN in practice

Jane and her husband, Greg , have three children, the youngest, only two months old. Six weeks prior to treatment, the police were called when a neighbour heard glass breaking and screaming coming from the house. A fight had broken out between Greg and their eldest child, Jacob. Jane was standing in the back of the room, while the baby, Gail, was crying in an upstairs room. The middle child, 10-year old, Gillian, was crouched under the table in the kitchen. Greg yelled at Jacob, blaming him for upsetting his mother and the baby, and yelled at Jane to go calm the baby.

Community Services had already received a number of reports about the family, particularly from Gillian and Jacob’s school. They had been truant without reason on several occasions, and one report stated that Jane may be the victim of abuse from her husband. After several visits with the family, more concerns emerged. Jane did not appear to be able to look after her children, especially while there were more than two people in the house. With the violent behaviour, potential abuse and truancy, the children were at risk of being removed. Community Services suggested a referral to MST-CAN, which could teach the family skills to keep the children and each other safe, keeping the family together.

Goals of treatment were developed after an extensive assessment process with the family. All family members wanted the fighting to stop, and for Jacob and Gillian to go to school. They also wanted better relationships with each other, and to keep Community Services and police out of their lives. The therapist prompted the family about the concerns that the children may not be getting adequate care, and the parents agreed that they wanted to be there for their children more. Using these initial goals, the therapist created several short-term goals for each week.

Treatment focused on reducing violence in the household, which included sessions with the whole family. Jane and Greg also met with the therapist and worked on building their skills to maintain the structure and rules in the house that they decided upon. Greg admitted he didn’t like Jacob’s new friends and didn’t know how to get Jacob to realise they were bad news. Each family member agreed the move to the neighbourhood had left Jacob without his good friends, and they had been too preoccupied with Gail to take much notice of who he was spending time with. Together, they developed a plan, with rewards and consequences, tied to school attendance and spending time with approved friends. Jacob was not happy with the new rules, but was happy with the reward he would get at the end of the school year.

The family came up with a plan, coinciding with Greg’s busy work schedule. This meant that Jacob and Gillian would help out more when Jane is occupied with Gail. There were some setbacks, especially when Jacob had more interesting things to do. The therapist and the family worked together to tie-in rewards and consequences for helping out at home. One of the rewards included regular house parties, with Jane or Greg supervising. This was a strong reward for Jacob, who had been finding it difficult to make friends in the new neighbourhood. Even though he was only allowed a small number of friends over, and there were a lot of rules, he enjoyed every part of it. It also showed the therapist that Jacob had the skills to make positive friendships, though Gillian struggled.

It seemed that Gillian had problems with social interactions at school as well, and her teachers were so used to it they didn’t notice anymore. The therapist worked with Greg and Jane to develop a plan for communicating with the school about problems and they eventually took the lead. The parents were taught social skills, how they can teach, model and reinforce them with Gillian, and work with the school to provide the best care and support she can get.

During sessions, the therapist noticed that Jane was vocal and able to speak her mind, and questioned the initial suggestion of emotional abuse as a factor in her parenting ability. It was only after many successful sessions in reaching goals that Jane told the therapist she had been abused as a child. She didn’t want her children to think that she wasn’t there for them, and was finally determined that she would work through her past. The therapist gathered more information from Jane, and reviewed her case with the MST-CAN team. The MST-CAN psychiatrist confirmed a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, but didn’t think medication was necessary. The therapist started individual treatment with Jane, ensuring she had adequate supports in place. Greg, Jacob, and Gillian were great for Jane, as were the new neighbourhood friends, and some family members who were available by phone. The therapist congratulated them for developing a rich network of supports, which would be useful once the MST-CAN program was finished.

Jane continued to work through her individual treatment, seeing successes with her family, reaching most of their initial goals. Greg and Jane felt like they were the parents again, and knew what responsibilities they had to keep their children safe and healthy. Jacob received several ‘A’ grades, and got his big camping trip as a reward. He changed the friends he had originally wanted to go with, which was also an achievement for his parents. Gillian had a steady group of friends, and the school reported less incidents.

Jane struggled during her treatment with dealing with her traumatic past, but memories had stopped popping into her mind, and she didn’t seem to zone out as often as she did before. Greg had an understanding of what happened to her, and knew how he could help, particularly to look after Gail during those tough moments. Community Services agreed the parents were able to keep their children safe and cared for, and closed their case with them. The MST-CAN team threw a congratulatory party for the family, who now knew that if they ever came across troubles again, like moving towns or the inevitable trials of adolescence, they had ways to deal with them which would be beneficial for everyone.

The first author can be contacted at [email protected]

References

  • Schoenwald, S. K., Sheidow, A. J., Letourneau, E. J., & Liao, J. G. (2003). Transportability of multisystemic therapy: Evidence for multilevel influences. Mental health services research, 5(4), 223-239.
  • Swenson, C. C., Schaeffer, C. M., Henggeler, S. W., Faldowski, R., & Mayhew, A. M. (2010). Multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect: A randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 497.
  • Swenson, C. C., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2012). Multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect. In A.  Rubin (Ed.), Programs and interventions for maltreated children and families at risk: Clinician's guide to evidence-based practice (Vol. 9). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  1. Clinical psychologist and National Clinical Advisor, OzChild
  2. Psychologist, MST-CAN Clinical Supervisor, OzChild

Disclaimer: Published in InPsych on December 2017. The APS aims to ensure that information published in InPsych is current and accurate at the time of publication. Changes after publication may affect the accuracy of this information. Readers are responsible for ascertaining the currency and completeness of information they rely on, which is particularly important for government initiatives, legislation or best-practice principles which are open to amendment. The information provided in InPsych does not replace obtaining appropriate professional and/or legal advice.